Investigation of Polar Patches and Tongues of Ionization (TOI)

IDA4D is being used to investigate the source of Ionospheric F-region patches, how they are transported across the polar cap, and their eventual fate. Of interest is whether patches originate from mid-latitude dayside plasma through a TOI or from other mechanisms such as cusp precipitation.  From Bust and Crowley, 2007.
Also see Trajectory Analysis.